Friday, September 11, 2009

Collective action problems in team sports

Below the fold is a video that could be used in a classroom, as it contains an extremely vivid example of a collective action problem. It's a clip from an international soccer game, a qualifier for World Cup 2010 between Slovenia (team in white) and Poland (team in red). Slovenia won the game 3:0, and the clip shows the second goal.



It's a counter-attacking goal, but a very unusual one in that the defending team actually has an advantage in numbers (usually it's the other way around). What this means is that as counter-attacks go, this one is fairly easy to defend against. But the defenders somehow just never get around to it. Even someone who doesn't watch a lot of soccer probably gets the impression that the defenders didn't really do all they could to prevent the goal. One of the announcers is saying that they're just too slow, not athletic enough. It's true that Polish defenders aren't exactly demons of speed, but this is way off. No one actually runs this slow. What happened was that they got stuck in a four-player Prisoner's Dilemma. Each of them was thinking: "I'm not going to run faster because if I did, I might actually catch up to the attackers, and then I'll be forced to make a defensive play, and if I screw that up, everyone will think the goal was my fault. There are three of my teammates close by, why doesn't one of them run faster and try to do something." As a result, no one did anything.

Team sports seem like a setting in which collective action problems just run rampant. I wonder what techniques coaches use to deal with them.

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